The following list takes the Physical Science Standard and defines, decribes, pictures, links and/or explains the topics outlined in the course. This list is derived directly from the standards so it will contain most of the material you need to know for the exam.
PSc.1.1 Understand motion in terms of speed, velocity, acceleration, & momentum.
PSc.1.1.1 Explain motion in terms of frame of reference, distance, and displacement.
Motion: any movement or change in position or time.
Frame of Reference a framework that is used for the observation and mathematical description of physical phenomena and the formulation of physical laws, usually consisting of an observer, a coordinate system, and a clock or clocks assigning times at positions with respect to the coordinate system. HOW CAN YOU DETERMINE AN OBJECT IS MOVING! Your viewpoint as you observed its motion: toward, away, to the right or left, how fast, etc.
Note below the player dribbling the ball looks different based on your poistion or your frame of reference
PSc.1.1.1 Explain motion in terms of frame of reference, distance, and displacement.
Motion: any movement or change in position or time.
Frame of Reference a framework that is used for the observation and mathematical description of physical phenomena and the formulation of physical laws, usually consisting of an observer, a coordinate system, and a clock or clocks assigning times at positions with respect to the coordinate system. HOW CAN YOU DETERMINE AN OBJECT IS MOVING! Your viewpoint as you observed its motion: toward, away, to the right or left, how fast, etc.
Note below the player dribbling the ball looks different based on your poistion or your frame of reference
DISTANCE a numerical description of how far apart objects are. Standard unit - meter (m)
other units: millimeter' (mm) = 1/1000m,
centimeter (cm) = 1/100 m
kilometer (km) = 1000m
other units: millimeter' (mm) = 1/1000m,
centimeter (cm) = 1/100 m
kilometer (km) = 1000m
DISPLACEMENT the shortest distance from the initial to the final position of a point
PSc.1.1.2 Compare speed, velocity, acceleration, and momentum using investigations, graphing, scalar quantities, and vector quantities.
- Velocity is the rate at which the position changes (see diagram)
- Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving." Speed can be thought of as the rate at which an object covers distance.
- . Instantaneous speed the motion rate of object at a particular time period or moment.
Explain acceleration as a relationship between velocity and time: acceleration = Vfinal - Vinitial / time
For a acceleration lesson go to: http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson-1/Acceleration the following is a sample from the site
Acceleration is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity. constant acceleration changing acceleration
Use graphical analysis, solve for displacement, time, and average velocity. Analyze conceptual trends in the displacement vs. time graphs such as constant velocity and acceleration.
Use graphical analysis, solve for velocity, time, and average acceleration. Analyze conceptual trends in the velocity vs. time graphs such as constant velocity and acceleration
Infer how momentum is a relationship between mass and velocity of an object, p = mv The focus should be on the conceptual understanding the same momentum could be associated with a slow-moving massive object and a object moving at high velocity w/ a smallerl mass ( 100 kg object moving 1 m/s has the same momentum as a 1-kg object moving 100m/s)
NEWTON'S THREE LAWS of MOTION
Nweton's 1st law of motion written below is also called the Law of Inertia
Nweton's 1st law of motion written below is also called the Law of Inertia
Newton's 2nd Law of Motion
The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object times its acceleration.” This is written in mathematical form as:
F = ma looking at the units F = kgm/s/s NEWTON or N
F is force , m is mass and a is acceleration.
Double the force, you double the acceleration, but if you double the mass, you cut the acceleration in half.
The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object times its acceleration.” This is written in mathematical form as:
F = ma looking at the units F = kgm/s/s NEWTON or N
F is force , m is mass and a is acceleration.
Double the force, you double the acceleration, but if you double the mass, you cut the acceleration in half.
PSc.1.2.1 Explain how gravitational force affects the weight of an object and the velocity of an object in freefall
Any object that is being acted upon only by the force of gravity is said to be in a state of free fall. There are two important motion characteristics that are true of free-falling objects:
- Free-falling objects do not encounter air resistance.
- All free-falling objects on Earth accelerate downwards at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s (gravity
PSc.1.2.2 Classify frictional forces into one of four types: static, sliding, rolling, and fluid
Friction: the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other
Friction generally resists motion and will produce heat -thermal energy
Example brake pads apply sliding friction to the rotor when pressed causing the car to slow to a stop
Friction: the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other
Friction generally resists motion and will produce heat -thermal energy
Example brake pads apply sliding friction to the rotor when pressed causing the car to slow to a stop
Static friction forces from the interlocking of the irregularities of two surfaces will increase to prevent any relative motion up until some limit where motion occur
Sliding Friction the friciton between two objects that are in sliding contact. Also called kinetic friction
Sliding Friction the friciton between two objects that are in sliding contact. Also called kinetic friction
Rolling Friction is the resistance to motion experience by an object rolls upon another object
PSc.3.1 Understand types of energy, conservation of energy & energy transfer
Thermodynamics Therm = heat dynamics ( branch of physics concerned with the study of forces and torques and their effect on motion)
Energy: the ability to do work
Heat: energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature. If two bodies at different temperatures are brought together, energy is transferred—i.e., heat flows—from the hotter body to the colder.
Temperature: measure of the average kinetic energy of all of the particles in an object. Measured with some form of a thermometer.
Thermal Expansion: tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature, through heat transfer.
As an object increases in thermal energies, the molecules within the the object will move faster and faster thus hitting the thermometer more often and causing the liquid to expand and the temperature will rise.
Losing thermal energy causes the molecules to slow down and they will contact the thermometer less resulting in lower temperature.
TRANSFERING THERMAL ENERGY conduction, convection and radiation
Conduction: is the transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle. It is the transfer and distribution of heat energy from atom to atom within a substance. (OBJECSTS MUST TOUCH)
Energy: the ability to do work
Heat: energy that is transferred from one body to another as the result of a difference in temperature. If two bodies at different temperatures are brought together, energy is transferred—i.e., heat flows—from the hotter body to the colder.
Temperature: measure of the average kinetic energy of all of the particles in an object. Measured with some form of a thermometer.
Thermal Expansion: tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature, through heat transfer.
As an object increases in thermal energies, the molecules within the the object will move faster and faster thus hitting the thermometer more often and causing the liquid to expand and the temperature will rise.
Losing thermal energy causes the molecules to slow down and they will contact the thermometer less resulting in lower temperature.
TRANSFERING THERMAL ENERGY conduction, convection and radiation
Conduction: is the transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle. It is the transfer and distribution of heat energy from atom to atom within a substance. (OBJECSTS MUST TOUCH)
Convection: the transfer of heat energy in a gas or liquid (fluids)by movement of currents. (It can also happen is some solids, like sand.) The heat moves with the fluid.
Radiation: transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter. Since there are no fluids (like air and water) in space, convection is not responsible for transferring the heat.
2.1.2 Phase Changes ands States of Matter
fusion, melting: solid to liquid phase change
boiling, vaporization: liquid to gas phase change
**evaporation: liquid to gas phase change of the particles on the outer surface only
freezing: liquid to solid phase change
condensation: gas to liquid phase change
sublimation: Solid to gas phase change
deposition: gas to solid
fusion, melting: solid to liquid phase change
boiling, vaporization: liquid to gas phase change
**evaporation: liquid to gas phase change of the particles on the outer surface only
freezing: liquid to solid phase change
condensation: gas to liquid phase change
sublimation: Solid to gas phase change
deposition: gas to solid
PSc.3.1.2 Explain the law of conservation of energy in a mechanical system in terms of kinetic energy, potential energy and heat.
Potential Energy the energy of a body or a system with respect to the position of the body or the arrangement of the particles of the system.
Kinetic Energy - energy that an object possesses due to its motion.
Potential Energy the energy of a body or a system with respect to the position of the body or the arrangement of the particles of the system.
Kinetic Energy - energy that an object possesses due to its motion.
Types of PE and KE
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE) is energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational field.
3 factors affecting GPE increase in any of these and the GPE Increases
Height measured in meters m GPE = mass x gravity x height Mass measured in kilograms kg Gpe = kgm/s2m
Gravity measured in acceleration kg/m/s/ GPE = Joules
3 factors affecting GPE increase in any of these and the GPE Increases
Height measured in meters m GPE = mass x gravity x height Mass measured in kilograms kg Gpe = kgm/s2m
Gravity measured in acceleration kg/m/s/ GPE = Joules
KINETIC ENERGY KE energy an object possesses due to its motion: dependent on its mass and velocity.
Formula: KE = 1/2 m v2 measured in Joules
Formula: KE = 1/2 m v2 measured in Joules
Relationship between kinetic energy, potential energy, and heat to illustrate that total energy is conserved in mechanical systems
Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form into another
Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but only changed from one form into another
Potential Energy + Kinetic Energy + Thermal Energy (due to friction) = Mechanical Energy
WORK transfer of energy that occurs when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force.
Measured in Joules
Work = Force x Distance W = F x d W = Nm W = Joules
Measured in Joules
Work = Force x Distance W = F x d W = Nm W = Joules
PSc3.1.3 Explain work in terms of the relationship among the applied force to an object, the resulting displacement of the object, and the energy transferred to an object.
WORK When a force acts on an object and causes it to move through a distance, energy is transferred and work is done.Work is only done when there is movement against an opposing force. For e.g. lifting a book off the floor to put on a table, here the movement is from the floor to the table and the opposing force is the weight of the book.
The amount of work done can be calculated by the equation: Work = Force x distance
Joules = Newtons x meter
The unit for work is Joules (J). One joule of work is done when a force of 1 Newton moves an object through a distance of 1 meter
Khan academy series of work definitions and problems
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy
WORK When a force acts on an object and causes it to move through a distance, energy is transferred and work is done.Work is only done when there is movement against an opposing force. For e.g. lifting a book off the floor to put on a table, here the movement is from the floor to the table and the opposing force is the weight of the book.
The amount of work done can be calculated by the equation: Work = Force x distance
Joules = Newtons x meter
The unit for work is Joules (J). One joule of work is done when a force of 1 Newton moves an object through a distance of 1 meter
Khan academy series of work definitions and problems
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/work-and-energy/work-and-energy-tutorial/v/introduction-to-work-and-energy
https://www.google.com/searchq=work+in+physics&rlz=1C1CHYZ_enUS618US618&espv=2&biw=1920&bih=979&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIvJW3ovTJAhUBYSYKHRa9CmMQ_AUIBigB&dpr=1&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=_TkXrlOrUJzooM%3A
PSc.3.1.4 Explain the relationship among work, power and simple machines both qualitatively and quantitatively.
• Infer the work and power relationship: P= W/t = F(d)/t = Fv
Power = Work (J) = Watts
time (s)
www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/.../PowerThe Physics Classroom
or. P = W / t. The standard metric unit of power is the Watt. As is implied by the equation for power, a unit of power is equivalent to a unit of work divided by a unit of time. Thus, a Watt is equivalent to a Joule/second.
Determine the component simple machines present in complex machines – categorize a wedge and screw as variations of an inclined plane; a pulley and wheel & axle as variations of a lever.
Eureka Videos: Simple machines; https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE7FA57A3EBACFFF2
Lever: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDfOzs28XyI&index=2&list=PLE7FA57A3EBACFFF2
Inclined Plane: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5DkwLBpGRQ
Mechanical Advantage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-huZw8Dq3JU
• Explain the relationship between work input and work output for simple machines using the law of conservation of energy
Define and determine ideal and actual mechanical advantage:
Define and determine efficiency of machines:
Good website for instruction for this
http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age11-14/Mechanics/Forces%20in%20motion/text/Machines_/index.html
Explain why no machine can be 100% efficient.
• Infer the work and power relationship: P= W/t = F(d)/t = Fv
Power = Work (J) = Watts
time (s)
www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/.../PowerThe Physics Classroom
or. P = W / t. The standard metric unit of power is the Watt. As is implied by the equation for power, a unit of power is equivalent to a unit of work divided by a unit of time. Thus, a Watt is equivalent to a Joule/second.
Determine the component simple machines present in complex machines – categorize a wedge and screw as variations of an inclined plane; a pulley and wheel & axle as variations of a lever.
Eureka Videos: Simple machines; https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE7FA57A3EBACFFF2
Lever: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDfOzs28XyI&index=2&list=PLE7FA57A3EBACFFF2
Inclined Plane: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s5DkwLBpGRQ
Mechanical Advantage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-huZw8Dq3JU
• Explain the relationship between work input and work output for simple machines using the law of conservation of energy
Define and determine ideal and actual mechanical advantage:
Define and determine efficiency of machines:
Good website for instruction for this
http://www.schoolphysics.co.uk/age11-14/Mechanics/Forces%20in%20motion/text/Machines_/index.html
Explain why no machine can be 100% efficient.